Abstract Horses confined to enclosures with limited opportunities for spatial avoidance and escape experience heightened social stress and conflict. While forced proximity can pose welfare risks. voluntary social proximity is considered a positive indicator of well-being. To investigate the effects of space availability on spatiotemporal dynamics. https://www.diegojavierfares.com/great-save-NAHMIAS-Miracle-Academy-T-shirt-Mens-Apparel-special-save/